The Witch in the Closet: Disney’s Frozen as Adaptation and Its Potential for Queer and Feminist Readings

Works Cited

1. ↵
   1. Alver, Bente Gullveig

   . 1971. Heksetro og trolddom: Et studie i norsk heksevæsen. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
2. ↵
   1. Andersen, Hans Christian

   . 1862. “Sneedronningen: Et Eventyr i Syv Historier.” Eventyr og Historier. Første Bind. Med Illustrationer efter Originaltegninger af B. Pedersen, 393–440. 1844. Reprint, Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
3. ↵
   1. Andrew, Dudley

   . 1984. Concepts in Film Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4. ↵
   1. Appleyard, J. A.

   1991. Becoming a Reader: The Experience of Fiction from Childhood to Adulthood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5. ↵
   1. Asbjørnsen, Peter Christen

   . 1859. Norske Huldre-Eventyr og Folkesagn. Christiania: P. F. Steensballes Forlag.
6. ↵
   1. Bacchilega, Cristina

   . 1997. Postmodern Fairy Tales: Gender and Narrative Strategies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7. ↵
   1. Bacchilega, Cristina, and
   2. John Rieder

   . 2010. “Envisioning Ambiguity: Fairy Tale Films.” In Fairy Tale Films: Visions of Ambiguity, edited by Pauline Greenhill and Sidney Eve Matrix, 23–41. Logan: Utah State University Press.
8. ↵
   1. Bell, Elizabeth

   . 1995. “Somatexts at the Disney Shop: Constructing the Pentimentos of Women’s Animated Bodies.” In From Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture, edited by Elizabeth Bell, Lynda Haas, and Laura Sells, 107–24. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
9. ↵
   1. Brode, Douglas

   . 2005. Multiculturalism and the Mouse: Race and Sex in Disney Entertainment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
10. ↵
    1. Clark, Stuart

    . 1997. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
11. ↵
    1. Edelman, Lee

    . 1994. Homographesis. London: Routledge.
12. ↵
    Frozen. 2013. Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. Music composed by Christophe Beck, lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. Burbank, CA: Walt Disney Pictures.
13. ↵
    1. García-Manso, Angélica

    . 2017. “Frozen: La lectura de ‘La Reina de las Nieves’ en el siglo XXI.” Álabe 15. http://www.revistaalabe.com (accessed November 7, 2018).
14. ↵
    1. Gilbert, Sandra M., and
    2. Susan Gubar

    . 2000. The Madwoman in the Attic. The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. ↵
    1. Giroux, Henry A., and
    2. Grace Pollock

    . 2010. The Mouse That Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence, 2nd student ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
16. ↵
    1. Griffin, Sean

    . 2000. Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from the Inside Out. New York: NYU Press.
17. ↵
    1. Halperin, David M.

    2012. How to Be Gay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18. ↵
    1. Hutcheon, Linda, with
    2. Siobhan O’Flynn

    . 2013. A Theory of Adaptation, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
19. ↵
    1. Johansen, Jørgen Dines

    . 2002. “Counteracting the Fall: ‘Sneedronningen’ and ‘Iisjomfruen’ The Problem of Adult Sexuality in Fairytale and Story.” Scandinavian Studies 74 (2): 137–48.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Kvideland, Reimund, and
    2. Henning K. Sehmsdorf

    . 1991. Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
21. ↵
    1. Llompart, Auba, and
    2. Lydia Brugué

    . 2019. “The Snow Queer?: Female Characterization in Walt Disney’s Frozen.” Adaptation 13 (1): 98–112. doi:10.1093/adaptation/apz2019.

    OpenUrl
22. 1. Maguire, Gregory

    . 2007. Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West. New York: HarperCollins.
23. Maleficent. 2014. Directed by Robert Stromberg. Burbank, CA: Roth Films, Walt Disney Pictures.
24. ↵
    1. Mundal, Else

    . 1996. “The Perception of the Saamis and Their Religion in Old Norse Sources.” In Shamanism and Northern Ecology, edited by Juha Pentikäinen, 97–116. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
25. ↵
    1. Nikolas, Akash

    . 2014. “It’s Not Just Frozen: Most Disney Movies Are Pro-Gay.” The Atlantic, April 23. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/04/its-not-just-frozen-disney-has-always-been-subtly-pro-gay/361060/ (accessed December 3 2018).
26. ↵
    1. Oosterhuis, Harry

    . 2000. Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
27. ↵
    1. Oxfeldt, Elisabeth

    . 2009. H. C. Andersens eventyr på film. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
28. ↵
    1. Petersen, Kierran

    . 2014. “Disney’s Frozen and the ‘Gay Agenda.’” BBC News, March 27. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-26759342 (accessed September 22, 2021).
29. ↵
    Rent. 2005. Directed by Chris Columbus. Santa Monica, CA: Rent Productions.
30. ↵
    1. Resene, Michelle

    . 2017. “From Evil Queen to Disabled Teen: Frozen Introduces Disney’s First Disabled Princess.” Disability Studies Quarterly 37 (2). http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/5310/4648 (accessed July 13, 2019).
31. ↵
    1. Roper, Lyndal

    . 2012. The Witch in the Western Imagination. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
32. ↵
    1. Ross, Deborah

    . 2004. “Escape from Wonderland: Disney and the Female Imagination.” Marvels & Tales 18 (1): 53–66.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Russell, Jeffrey B.

    1980. A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics, and Pagans. London: Thames and Hudson.
34. ↵
    1. Sollee, Kristen J.

    2017. Witches, Sluts, Feminists: Conjuring the Sex Positive. Berkeley, CA: ThreeL Media.
35. ↵
    1. Solomon, Charles

    . 2013. The Art of Frozen. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
36. ↵
    1. Stone, Kay

    . 2008. Some Day Your Witch Will Come. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
37. ↵
    1. Storsveen, Odd Arvid

    . 2006. “‘Eet Sprog, eet Hjem os Himlen gav’: Om H. C. Andersens norske forbindelser.” In H. C. Andersen—Eventyr, kunst og modernitet, edited by Elisabeth Oxfeldt, 21–74. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
38. ↵
    1. Streiff, Madelin, and
    2. Lauren Dundes

    . 2017. “Frozen in Time: How Disney GenderStereotypes Its Most Powerful Princess.” Social Sciences 6 (2): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6020038.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Surmatz, Astrid

    . 2006. “Det dubbla tilltalet i Hans Christian Andersens ‘Sneedronningen’: Etnicitet, kön och oskuld.” In H. C. Andersen—Eventyr, kunst og modernitet, edited by Elisabeth Oxfeldt, 93–113. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
40. ↵
    1. Wasko, Janet

    . 2001. Understanding Disney: The Manufacture of Fantasy. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
41. ↵
    1. Zipes, Jack

    . 2006. Why Fairy Tales Stick: The Evolution and Relevance of a Genre. New York: Routledge.