Face-Threatening Acts across Binary and Nonbinary Gender Dynamics in Old Norse–Icelandic Literature

Works Cited

Primary Sources

1. Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa. 1938. In Borgfirðinga sögur. Edited by Sigurður Nordal and Guðni Jónsson, 109–211. Íslenzk Fornrit 3. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.

   OpenUrl
2. Brennu-Njáls saga. 1954. Edited by Einar Ól. Sveinsson. Íslenzk Fornrit 12. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.
3. Egils saga Skallagrímssonar. 1933. Edited by Sigurður Nordal. Íslenzk Fornrit 2. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.
4. Gísla saga Súrssonar. 1943. In Vestfirðinga So˛gur. Edited by Björn K Þórólfsson and Guðni Jónsson, 1–118. Íslenzk Fornrit 6. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.

   OpenUrl
5. Grágas:Lagasafn íslenska þjóðveldisins. 1992. Edited by Gunnar Karlsson, Kristján Sveinsson, and Mörður Árnason. Reykjavík: Mál og Menning.
6. Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu. 1938. In Borgfirðinga so˛gur. Edited by Sigurður Nordal and Guðni Jónsson, 49–107. Íslenzk Fornrit 3. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.

   OpenUrl
7. Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. 1981. In Fornaldar sögur Norðurlanda 2, 2nd ed. Edited by Guðni Jónsson, 1–71. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

   OpenUrl
8. Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. 1981. In Fornaldar sögur Norðurlanda 4, 2nd ed. Edited by Guðni Jónsson, 51–176. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

   OpenUrl
9. Kristni saga. 2003. In Biskupa sögur I. Edited by Jónas Kristjánsson, 1–48. Íslenzk Fornrit 15, 2 vols. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

   OpenUrl
10. Laxdœla saga. 1934. Edited by Einar Ól. Sveinsson. Íslenzk Fornrit 5. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.
11. Víga-Glúms saga. 1956. In Eyfirðinga so˛gur. Edited by Jónas Kristjánsson, 1–98. Íslenzk Fornrit 9. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenska Fornritafélag.

    OpenUrl
12. Völsunga saga. 1981. In Fornaldar sögur Norðurlanda 1, 2nd ed. Edited by Guðni Jónsson, 107–218. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

    OpenUrl

Secondary Sources

1. 1. Anderson, Sarah M.

   , and Swensen, Karen, eds. 2002. The Cold Counsel: The Women in Old Norse Literature and Myth. New York: Routledge.
2. 1. Ármann Jakobsson

   . 2011. “Óðinn as Mother: The Old Norse Deviant Patriarch.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi 126: 5–16.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Arnold, Martin

   . 2014. “Hárbarðsljóð: Parody, Pragmatics, and the Socio-Mythic Controversy.” Saga-Book 38: 5–26.

   OpenUrl
4. 1. Bampi, Massimiliano

   . “Genre.” In The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas, edited by Ármann Jakobsson and Sverrir Jakobsson, 4–14. New York: Routledge.
5. 1. Bampi, Massimiliano

   , Larrington, Carolyne, and Rikhardsdottir, Sif, eds. 2020. A Critical Companion to Old Norse Literature Genre. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
6. ↵
   1. Bax, Marcel

   , and Padmos, Tineke. 1983. “Two Types of Verbal Dueling in Old Icelandic: The Interactional Structure of the Senna and Mannjafnaðr in Hárbarðsljóð.” Scandinavian Studies 55 (2): 149–74.

   OpenUrl
7. 1. Berkowitz, Dana

   , Windsor, Elroi J., and Han, C. Winter. 2023. “Introduction.” In Male Femininities, edited by Dana Berkowitz, Elroi J. Windsor, and C. Winter Han, 1–16. New York: New York University Press.
8. ↵
   1. Brown, Penelope

   , and Levinson, Stephen. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
9. ↵
   1. Bryan, Eric Shane

   . 2013. “Indirect Aggression: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Quarrel of the Queens in Völsungasaga, Þiðreks Saga, and Das Nibelungenlied.” Neophilologus 97: 349–65.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Bryan, Eric Shane

    . 2021. Discourse in Old Norse Literature. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
11. ↵
    1. Callow, Chris

    . 2017. “Dating and Origins.” In The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas, edited by Ármann Jakobsson and Sverrir Jakobsson, 15–33. New York: Routledge.
12. ↵
    1. Clover, Carol J.

    1986. “Maiden Warriors and Other Sons.” Journal of English and German Philology 85 (1): 35–49.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Clover, Carol J.

    . 1993. “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe.” Speculum 68 (2): 363–87.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Culpeper, Jonathan

    . 2011. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offense. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15. ↵
    1. Evans, Gareth Lloyd

    . 2019. Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of Icelanders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
16. 1. Evans, Gareth Lloyd

    . 2020. “Female Masculinity and the Sagas of the Icelanders.” In Masculinities in Old Norse Literature, edited by Gareth Lloyd Evans and Jessica Clare Hancock, 59–75. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
17. ↵
    1. Evans, Gareth Lloyd

    , and Hancock, Jessica Clare, eds. 2020a. Masculinities in Old Norse Literature. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
18. 1. Evans, Gareth Lloyd

    , and Hancock, Jessica Clare, eds. 2020b. “Introduction.” In Masculinities in Old Norse Literature, edited by Gareth Lloyd Evans and Jessica Clare Hancock, 1–18. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
19. ↵
    1. Goffman, Eriving

    . 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior. New York: Anchor.
20. ↵
    1. Grønlie, Sîan

    . 2006. “No Longer Male and Female: Redeeming Women in the Icelandic Conversion Narratives.” Medium Ævum 75 (2): 293–318.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Harris, Joseph

    . 1979. “The Senna: From Description to Literary Theory.” Michigan Germanic Studies 5 (1): 65–74.

    OpenUrl
22. 1. Jóhanna Katrín Fríðreksdóttir

    . 2012. “From Heroic Legend to ‘Medieval Screwball Comedy’? The Origins, Development and Interpretation of the Maiden-King Narrative.” In The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development, edited by Annette Lassen, Agneta Ney, and Ármann Jakobsson, 229–49. Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press.
23. 1. Jóhanna Katrín Fríðreksdóttir

    . 2013. Women in Old Norse Literature: Bodies, Words, and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
24. 1. Jóhanna Katrín Fríðreksdóttir

    . 2015. “Gender, Humor, and Power in Old Norse-Icelandic Literature.” In Laughter, Humor, and the (Un) Making of Gender: Historical and Cultural Perspectives, edited by Anna Foka and Jonas Lilliequist, 211–28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
25. 1. Jóhanna Katrín Fríðreksdóttir

    . 2017. “Genre.” In The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas, edited by Ármann Jakobsson and Sverrir Jakobsson, 226–39. New York: Routledge.
26. ↵
    1. Laqueur, Thomas

    . 1990. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. ↵
    1. Layher, William

    . 2007. “Caught between Worlds: Gendering the Maiden Warrior in Old Norse.” In Women and the Medieval Epic: Gender, Genre, and the Limits of Epic Masculinity, edited by Sara S. Poor and Jana K. Schulman, 183–208. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
28. ↵
    1. Leech, Geoffrey

    . The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014.
29. ↵
    1. Self, Kathleen M.

    2014. “The Valkyrie’s Gender: Old Norse Shield-Maidens and Valkyries as a Third Gender.” Feminist Formations 26 (1): 143–72.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Soper, Harriet

    . 2022. “Echoing Retorts in ‘Hárbarðsljóð’ and ‘Lokasenna’.” Scandinavian Studies 94 (4): 475–503.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
31. ↵
    1. Spencer-Oatey, Helen D. M.

    2007. “Theories of Identity and the Analysis of Face.” Journal of Pragmatics 39 (4): 639–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
32. 1. Swenson, Karen

    . 1991. Performing Definitions: Two Genres of Insult in Old Norse Literature. Columbia, SC: Camden House.
33. ↵
    1. Thoma, Sebastian

    . 2021. “A Friend in níð: On the Narrative Display of Gender and níð in Njáls saga.” In Unwanted: Neglected Approaches, Characters and Texts in Old Norse-Icelandic Saga Studies, edited by Andreas Schmidt and Daniela Hahn, 57–86. München: Utzverlag.
34. ↵
    1. Tolkien, Christopher

    . 1960. “Introduction.” In Saga Heiðreks Konungs ins Vitra—The Saga of Heidrek the Wise, edited and translated by Christopher Tolkien, vii–xxxv. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons.
35. ↵
    1. Turco, Jeffrey

    . 2016. “Gender, Violence, and the ‘Enigma’ of Gísla saga.” Journal of English and German Philology 115 (3): 277–98.

    OpenUrl